Toasted Carrots, a World War II U.S. rationing recipe

I'm continuing my exploration of WWII recipes, in particular about rationing.  Previously I tried Cuban Corn, which worked out well and was tasty.  Click here to view that post.

I'm still working from Prudence Penny's Coupon Cookery.  I'm intrigued by the vegetable recipes, mostly because they look good but simple.  I imagine a busy mom trying to manage the family and household and possibly a job while her husband was off fighting the war.  She would need simple recipes that were still providing a healthy diet.

Coupons are the ration stamps.

This time I tried Toasted Carrots on page 73.  It is a very basic, simple recipe.  I wanted to try it and take it to a family event.  So I did most of the prep at home but the last bit at another kitchen just before serving. 

Toasted Carrots

6 carrots
2 tablespoons butter or shortening
1 1/4 cups corn flakes, crushed
1/4 teaspoon salt
dash pepper
dash paprika

 

It doesn't get much simpler than this.

Roll whole cooked carrots in melted butter; then in cornflakes seasoned with salt, pepper, and paprika.

Place under broiler set moderately low for 10 minutes, turning frequently.

 My Notes

I was serving four people, so instead of 6 large carrots, I used what I considered the baby carrot equivalent of 6 large carrots.

That looks like six enthusiastic carrots, no?

 Then I steamed the carrots until they were tender.

While they were steaming, I crushed the corn flakes until they were finely crushed.  I wanted small bits, not big flakes, so I really put in the time to crush them well.

Fine!

Then I mixed the corn flakes with the spices in a bowl that had a lid.  The carrots went in one container, the corn flake mix in another, and the butter on the side.  This all traveled to the other house.

Corn flakes with spices.

Once there, I melted the butter in the microwave, rolled the carrots a few at a time in the butter, then in the corn flake mixture, then placed them on a sheet to go under the preheated broiler.  I kept this up until all were coated and ready to broil.

I was pleased that I had enough of the coating to cover all the pieces.

Having so many little carrots made it difficult to turn them "frequently."  The solution was to shake the pan every few minutes so the carrots rolled a little.  I'm not sure that made a difference, but I did try.  

I think they broiled for about 10 minutes, but basically I pulled them once they started looking browned and crisp in a few places.  They all went into a serving bowl and onto the table.

Shaken, not turned.  I pulled them when the crumbs got dark.

The Verdict

The carrots were well-received.  Everyone had some, some had seconds.  The family whose house it was wanted to keep all the leftovers, so they did.  

They were a very basic side dish.  But the tender carrots, the crunchy crust, and the very light spicing made them good.  They went well with the roast beef and garlic mashed potatoes. (And the Cuban corn.)

I think I would increase the paprika a bit, but hey, you do what's right for your taste buds.  Everyone thought they were just fine.  

Success!  Such a quick and easy dish to make.  I think the hardest part was crushing the corn flakes, and I had plenty of time to do that while the carrots were steaming.  

I found it interesting that the instructions call for six carrots but make no mention of cutting them up.  My mental image was serving each person a whole carrot, but I believe they assumed you would cut them up.  So it was possibly appropriate to have used the baby carrots instead. 

 

Cuban Corn, a World War II U.S. rationing recipe

I've been exploring World War II cooking ideas, especially those relating to food rationing and the ration coupons that went along with it.

One interesting book is titled Coupon Cookery by Prudence Penny.  The subtitle is "The New Book of Ration-Revised Recipes and Menus Including a Handy Changeable Table of Point-Values For All Foods..."  Yes, the book includes a table that helped a family plan how to track their coupons and use them efficiently before they expired.  It is in the chapter called "How to S-T-R-E-T-C-H A POINT."

Published in 1943, so no ISBN.

There are all sorts of tips for shopping with ration stamps (coupons), how to calculate your family's budget.  Throughout the book are cute and sometimes silly cartoons and poems along with the chapters that emphasize the need to be frugal, avoid waste and hoarding, while still feeding your family a healthy diet.  There are "Penny Tips" that point out, for example, ways to achieve speed or better flavor.

On page 72, there is a recipe for "Cuban Corn," basically a casserole that can be a side dish or, as the Penny Tip notes, be "a good main dish for meatless days."

Cuban Corn

2 tablespoons flour
1 teaspoon salt
Dash pepper
Dash cayenne
1 teaspoon chili powder
2 cups canned or fresh corn
1 chopped onion
1 tablespoon fat
1 dozen chopped ripe olives
1 cup tomato sauce
1 cup grated cheese

 Add flour and seasonings to corn.  Brown onion in fat and add.  Add olives and thoroughly combine all ingredients.  Put mixture in a casserole; pour hot tomato sauce and the grated cheese over the corn.

Place in 350 degree oven until mixture is well heated and the cheese is melted.  If fresh corn is used, cook slightly before combining with other ingredients.

My Notes

I think it is the use of chili powder and cayenne that makes this "Cuban."  My experience with reading recipes from the 1940s is that savory seasoning use was often limited salt, pepper, garlic powder or salt, and not much else.  Anything beyond that was pretty exotic!  People's palettes were accustomed to what I might consider "bland."  (This could be my biased opinion, but I don't see much evidence to think otherwise.)

First I started the oven preheating.

I used olive oil for the fat.  

Since I chose to use canned corn and my cans were 15 1/4 ounces each, I used one full can (1 1/2 cups) and topped off to two cups with the other can.  These were drained before measuring.

I mixed the corn with the flour and seasonings in a big bowl, then browned the onion and chopped the olives, and mixed everything in the bowl.

Corn, flour, and seasonings combined.

With onions and olives, too.

Once the mixture was poured into the 7" x 11" glass casserole - so I had set the oven to 325 degrees F, -  I heated the tomato sauce for 1 minute in the microwave and poured it over.  

Spread it throughout the dish.

 

Distribute the tomato sauce throughout, too.

I chose to use a mixture of cheeses: asiago, parmesan, provolone, and fontina, which were already shredded and mixed.  My impulse was to just put on a lot, which would have been more than one cup, but I restrained myself and followed the recipe.

Okay, that should be enough cheese!

It heated in the oven for 15 minutes; at this point the tomato sauce was bubbling and the cheese was melted.  I could smell the chili powder as it baked.

Bubbly, melted, and done!

Then I took it to a family event and reheated it in the microwave for a few minutes before serving.

The Verdict

It certainly was easy to assemble.  Perfect for that busy day when you want a hot dish but have little spare time. 

In general, everyone thought it was fine as a side dish.  It went well with the beef main course and garlic mashed potatoes side.  

I think we all agreed that it wasn't overspiced or too spicy at all; in fact, I think it could have used more spicing.  Not just more chili powder but more salt and pepper.  It had bothered me to pour straight tomato sauce from the can onto the dish.  I had really wanted to add some seasoning to it, too.  

I'm not sure if that "dash" of cayenne made a difference.  A couple of shakes of Tabasco sauce would have been an improvement.

The one person who really dislikes olives (that was my mistake for picking a recipe that included them) said she couldn't taste them.  That was a relief on my part.

The cheese added a nice chewy and flavorful aspect to the dish.

So while it was a fine side dish, it wasn't spectacular.  I would do it again but I would increase the spices.

The leftovers were good as a side dish with raviolis and then as a filling in an omelette.

Unsurprisingly, the leftovers look just like they did on the first day!

Success, especially if you like mildly-spiced food.  

 

Coliflor en salsa de mantequilla - Cauliflower in butter sauce, a Pinedo recipe

I have to admit that I am not a fan of cauliflower.  I don't buy it while grocery shopping.  When it is served to me at a restaurant, I eat it but it is never tasty.  In general, what I get is usually hard and the flavor is uninteresting.  I wondered if I would ever try a Pinedo recipe involving cauliflower.  (There are six of them.)

But when one is given a cauliflower, one does not ignore it.  I decided the fates were telling me it was time.

On page 69, Encarnación Pinedo gave us a recipe for Cauliflower in butter sauce.  This is the second recipe in the cauliflower section.  The first tells us how to cook the cauliflower:  boil it in salted water, then drain it.

Her Recipe

My Translation

My Redaction

1 pound, 6 ounce cauliflower in one whole head

1/2 teaspoon salt

water to cover

2 tablespoons butter

2 tablespoons white wine vinegar

1/4 teaspoon black pepper

It looks simple enough.

Remove the leaves from the head and wash the head well under running water.

Bring salted water to a boil in a saucepan big enough to hold the cauliflower head comfortably.

Immerse the head in the water, stem up.  Bring water back to a boil.   Turn the heat down so the water is at a fast simmer.

Cover the pan.

Cook until fork tender, about 7 minutes.  

Meanwhile, melt the butter in a small pan over low heat.  

Whisk in vinegar and pepper.

Let this combine for a few minutes while you get back to the cauliflower.

Remove the head from the water and allow to drain.  

Cut off stem and place the head in a serving bowl.

Whisk the sauce again and slowly pour it over the head.  Aim to allow the sauce to cover the entire head.

Serve while still steaming!

An only somewhat enthusiastic simmer.

The sauce is combining over a very low heat.

It looks lovely, no?

My Notes

I checked the head for fork tender at 4 minutes, and it was nearly done.  It was still too firm near the center of the head.

When I was allowing the sauce to combine, I turned the heat down to the lowest possible setting.

When I poured the sauce over the head, the pepper "marked" where I had already poured.  The sauce disappeared into the head and I worried that it would all just end up on the bottom of the bowl and not on the head at all.  

There was pepper left over in the pan once I had poured the liquid.  It might work just fine to use 1/8 teaspoon of pepper instead of 1/4.

The Verdict

I served it with baked spiced chicken for a simple meal.

It really was that simple.

I had put a sharp knife near the bowl to help with serving, but the cauliflower was so tender that it came apart easily with a large serving spoon.

And yet it wasn't mushy, which was my "don't you dare overcook this" worry.

My guest taster, who is also not a fan of cauliflower, tried it cautiously.  He was very surprised at the taste!  He could taste the pepper and the vinegar, then figured out there was butter in the sauce, too.  

I knew what was in it, of course, so I was pleased to discover that the sauce had stayed mostly in the nooks and crannies of the head, even though I couldn't see it.  There was just enough vinegar to add interest and the pepper made it more exciting.  That the cauliflower was so tender made me happy.

In fact, I had seconds!  I never thought I would be able to write that.

So success!  We both enjoyed it and it went well with the Chinese spice mix that had coated the chicken before it was baked.

This is a simple sauce, but it brought the (otherwise boring) vegetable to new heights.  

My guest taster tried the leftovers the next day and decided that it was really good and that I could fix it again any time I wanted to.  That says a lot of good things about how it tasted.

Pudin de Lolita, Lolita's Pudding -- a Pinedo recipe

On page 215 is this pudding, dedicated to Lolita.  I wish I knew who she was.  There are other puddings dedicated to other women, some of whom are clearly Encarnación Pinedo's nieces.  This could be to one of her nieces who was referred to by a nickname.  Or it could be to a family friend or cousin.  

What is intriuging about it is that it is a sweet pudding (one and a half pounds of sugar!!!) but it also has meat in it.  It reminds me of the old (early 1800s and prior) ante recipes.  They were originally designed to be served at the beginning of the meal (thus ante or "before") which did have meat and sugar in them.  Later they were declared to be desserts, and typically did not have meat in them.  Pinedo put several ante recipes in her book.  I made one previously, which you can view by clicking here:  Ante de Camote y Pina - A Luscious Dessert with Sweet Potatoes and Pineapple (pg 16).

The questions I had with this recipe are:  Exactly what kind of pudding is it?  She offered a variety of pudding styles, from boiled to steamed to baked to baked in a bain marie.  She mentioned using crumbled bread, so is it like a bread pudding?  But with the requirement of cream and eggs, presumably lots of them, I wondered if it were more like a baked custard.  I still don't know exactly what a "kettle cup" is, but I presume it is around what we call 2 cups or 16 ounces.  She said three kettle cups, which is six of our cups.  That is a lot of cream!  

I decided to create it as a custard pudding, with the eggs and cream being the major support and the other ingredients making it interesting.  I was very tempted to bake it in a bain marie, but decided she would have specified that if she felt it was important.  Puddings like this need to be baked in a very low oven so the custard doesn't curdle or cook up like scrambled eggs.  I also chose to interpret a kettle cup as one of our 8-ounce cups, at least at the beginning of making the recipe, until I saw how the thing was going together.  Then I would adjust as needed.

She did mention early in the pudding section that puddings should be put into shallow baking dishes.  Instructions noted!

Her recipe

My Translation

My Redaction

1 pound sliced almonds

1 1/2 pounds sugar

8 ounces chicken breast, already cooked

3 cups cream

1/2 ounce butter, melted

1/2 cup bread crumbs

6 large eggs, separated

For crumbs: I started with two 3-inch diameter rolls, broken open to dry, & pounded in the mortar.

Preheat oven to 300 degrees F.  Butter the inside of a large, shallow ceramic dish.  (See Notes.)

Chop the chicken breasts into about 1/4-inch pieces.  

In a large bowl, mix the cream and sugar together until the sugar is dissolved.  Add the melted butter and mix well.

Separate the eggs.  Beat the yolks well and then mix them into the cream mixture.

Mix the bread crumbs into the cream mixture.

Mix the chicken and almonds into the cream mixture.  

Whip the egg whites to stiff.  Fold them into the cream mixture.

Fill the baking dish.  

Bake for 1 hour (see Notes), until the center jiggles when the pan is shaken but stops when the movement stops, and the top is browned.  

Let cool at least a little before serving.

Chopped chicken.

Cream, sugar, yolks, and breadcrumbs, all mixed.

With the chicken and almonds.

With whipped egg whites.  That is one full bowl!

My Notes

Instead of two chicken breasts as she specified, I decided the one really big one I had on hand would suffice.  I weighed it instead of counting the quantity.

The chicken breast was previously cooked on a grill after being rubbed with olive oil and ground black pepper.  There was not a lot of seasoning on the piece I chose, so I don't think the pepper influenced the flavor of the dish.

I did some reading in my Ratio book by Michael Ruhlman in order to get a sense of how many eggs were "necessary."  Believing this would be a custard-like dish, I decided to use 6 eggs for 3 cups of liquid, giving a ratio of 12 ounces eggs to 24 ounces cream.  Keep in mind that eggs are very carefully sized for us, whereas Señorita Pinedo made do with whatever eggs were available to her.  They could have been all different sizes.

I had no idea how much volume the recipe would make, so I ended up using two ceramic baking dishes; one held 2 1/2 liters and the other 2 liters.  It helped to use a ladle to move the batter into the dishes.  

I thought it was done after 45 minutes of cooking, but once I broke through the crust on the top, the middle looked liquid, so I put it back in the oven for another 15 minutes.  It is possible it was ready at 45 minutes -- it was browned and it certainly smelled good.  

Ready for the oven.  Two full baking dishes.

After 60 minutes of baking time.

The Verdict

Letting the pudding cool a little seemed to give it a chance to set up in the middle.

The browned top was a crunchy crust.

My first bite was ... interesting.  Wow, was it sweet!  But the flavor of the meat came through, which was intriguing when combined with the almonds and the sweet.

The custard I expected was more like the matrix which held together the chicken and almonds.  It was not dense; I suspect because of the whipped egg whites.  

It tooks a few bites before I really liked it.  My mouth had to adjust to the concept of meat and sweet.  But then I liked it.  The almonds added a nice crunch.  

It was sweet, as I said, and it was rich.  I will have more, as will my guest taster who was trying to guess all that was in it and thought there was some fruit in it.   He certainly enjoyed it.

In thinking about this blog post, I had trouble deciding if it was a dessert (but it had meat in it!) or a side dish (but it was sweet!).  My guest taster thought you could have it as either, depending on what you wanted for the meal.  I think that is good advice.  

I then shared this with two other guest tasters.  One, quite the foodie, thought it wasn't very sweet at all (I was astonished) and liked that because he doesn't really like sweet foods.  He also felt, at first, that it had undercooked bread in it but then later decided that wasn't it and it wasn't a problem.  He loved the nuts and how crunchy they were.  He was surprised to know there was meat in it.  

The other guest taster did not enjoy the food.  He felt his mouth was "conflicted" because of the meat and sweet combination.  It was "okay" but not something he would want to repeat.  But he did think that he could get used to it if he other opportunities to try it.

Success!

It was just as good warmed up the next day.  Maybe even better, as I got more of the custardy part in each spoonful.

I hope Lolita would be pleased with my result.

If I were to do this again, I would use half the amount of chicken and almonds, and I would use about 1/3 of the amount of sugar.  But I would still use the same amount of cream and eggs and bread crumbs because my mouth kept wanting more of that matrix around the meat and nuts.  I think changing the amount of butter is optional.

If I did this as a modern "upgrade," I would reduce the amount of sugar a lot, try using whole milk instead of cream, and consider using raisins as a delightful bit of chewy sweet.  But still use chicken, because I think it surprises people, and that is always fun.

Capirotada - Spanish pudding, a Pinedo recipe

When I first read Pinedo's recipe on pages 47-48 called "Capirotada," I was astonished at the concepts embedded in it.  This looks like an English bread pudding but doesn't contain the milk-and-egg mixture that soaks the bread.  Instead it uses a sugar syrup.  So I expected it to be a dessert.  Except it has green onions, tomatoes, and hard-boiled eggs.  So savory?  But then it also has raisins.  What is this thing?

Wikipedia provides a brief history of the dish, stating that it originated in Spain as a savory dish with meat and stale bread as early as the 1400s.  Then, with its introduction to Mexico during the Spanish Conquest, it slowly shifted to the sweet dish of today.  In fact, it currently is a favorite to consume during Lent and typically has cheese as its only savory ingredient.

It appears to me that Pinedo's recipe came from a time when the recipe was still shifting from savory to sweet. The 1400s recipe moistens the stale bread with broth and beaten eggs - and those ingredients were available in Mexico, so why the shift to the syrup?  I can't help but think someone like me who has a raging sweet tooth decided to try it, and liked it.  Or perhaps using sugar was a display of wealth used to impress an important person.  

Whatever the reason, I wanted to try it.  

My Translation

My Redaction

one 1-1/2 pound loaf of white bread

10 ounces mozzarella cheese, shredded

8 hard-boiled eggs, peeled

1 tablespoon butter

2 green onions, chopped

3 cups boiling water

1/4 cup fresh tomato, chopped and including the juice

3/4 teaspoon salt

1 cup raisins

3/4 teaspoon pepper

3 cups sugar

1 cup sliced almonds

Slice bread very thin, 1/4 inch thickness or less; toast to golden brown.

Slice the cheese or use shredded as I did.

Slice the eggs.

Melt the butter in a skillet, add green onions, tomato, and salt.  Saute it over medium-low heat until the tomato and onions are soft.  Don't let it get too dry.  

Add boiling water, raisins, pepper, and sugar to the skillet.  Simmer it about 20 minutes, stirring occasionally.

Preheat oven to 250 degrees F.  While it is heating, assemble the capirotada.

In a 13 x 9 inch casserole dish, pour enough of the sauce to cover the bottom, distributing the raisins and onions across the bottom.  

Here is the order of the layers that start on top of the syrup on the bottom:

Bread

Cheese

Eggs

Almonds

Repeat until the casserole is full, making the last layer just bread, syrup, and almonds.  

Heat it through in the oven.  Don't bake it, just get it hot.  Then broil it for a few minutes to make the top golden brown.

Very thin!

Golden brown

This is just 2/3 of the syrup.

My Notes

Originally I thought she intended me to use tomato paste, not fresh tomato, but a look around the 'net showed a few recipes that used fresh.

The tomatoes and onion mixture smelled so good while it was frying!  And I didn't let it get "too dry."

Originally I used 2 cups of water and 2 cups of sugar with the spices, but after assembling the capirotada, I felt it looked too dry.  I let it heat for 20 minutes and checked it - the bread was definitely too dry.  So I made another batch of syrup with just salt and pepper - no onions or tomato - and brushed some over the top layer of bread then poured the rest over all the layers.  Another 10 minutes later, I noticed the cheese was melted.

I actually started with 1 cup of sugar and then kept tasting until it seemed "very sweet."  I realized this gave made a basic simple syrup with a sugar-to-water ratio of 1 to 1.

It wasn't time to serve it, so I dropped the oven temperature to about 225 deg just to keep it warm.  At serving time, I broiled it for just a few minutes to brown the top.

Distribute the veggies and fruit about the bottom of the casserole pan.

First bread layer.

All the layers except the top.

All done.  Maybe broil a little less so as not to scorch the nuts and raisins.

The Verdict

I had several friends as guest tasters - ones confident enough in my cooking that they requested me to experiment on them.  (!)  We had the capirotada along with a tossed green salad and baked chicken thighs.  (Notice that I had the thighs as a backup plan in the case no one liked the experiment; no one would go hungry.)

We liked it!  We found it intriguing to have the sweet syrup and syrup-soaked bread together with the cheese, eggs, raisins, onions, and almonds.  The pepper flavor came through but was not overwhelming, and made an interesting complement to the sweet syrup.  The cheese seemed to add body to each bite but did not, in itself, add much flavor.  Perhaps cotija cheese would be better?  

The almonds were a good idea as they added crunch to an otherwise soft dish.

The general consensus was that it was a good side dish - and it was nice to have the protein and non-sweet of the chicken to go with it.  (Whew!)

I was glad that I added more syrup to the mixture.  The bread was not dry, not even the top.  The lower layers of bread were very moist, and I liked that a lot.  

Layers!

Another guest taster tried it the next day and thought that it would make a very good brunch dish, because of the sweet bread (like French toast) and the eggs and onions (like an omelet).  

Success!

I tried the syrup before it all went onto the layers, and loved the mixture of sweet, onion, tomato (very faint, but there), and pepper.  The salt was not discernible, but it needed to be there and none of us felt like the dish needed more.

By the way, it was good hot from the oven and also warmed up as leftovers.

Apples and Onions -- One of My Most Favorite Recipes

I reserve the last post of the year for one of my most favorite recipes.  This is my 13th year of food blogging (!), and I struggled to decide what to write about.  I have favorites, but which one should I pick?  One day I realized that a very quiet favorite -- one that I cook often but really don't think about much -- was a side dish that was both versatile and historical:  apples and onions.

Versatile:  I use it as a side dish to a main course such as baked chicken, a robust stew, or grilled salmon. It is fabulous with pork.  It is wonderfully supportive because it adds sweet, tart, and savory notes, depending on the ingredients you choose.  But it is also a good side dish for breakfast foods, such as French toast, pancakes, or omelets.  It adds the same notes but its overall flavor profile can be adjusted according to the spices and their ratios.

Historical:  I keep finding recipes or references to it in a variety of cultures over a wide span of time periods.  It seems that if a culture has both apples and onions available to it, it has discovered how wonderful the combination is.  The main differences are which spices are utilized.  In other words, once people taste it, they like it, and they pass that information to future generations.

The quantities I choose depend on my use.  My questions are:

Do I want more apple than onion?  Or more onion than apple?  Or a balance of their flavors?

I typically use spices such as black pepper, cinnamon, and salt.  Sometimes I throw in saffron or nutmeg or ginger or cardamom, depending on my mood and goal for the meal.  So I also ask:

Do I want it leaning towards savory or sweet?  

What are the spices used in the rest of the meal?

The answers direct the ratios.  Savory means more black pepper than cinnamon; sweet means more cinnamon than pepper.  Use both, as they complement each other well as I have learned from cooking medieval English recipes.  I might also include some herbs.

Another choice I make is about the fat used to cook the apples and onions.  Olive oil works well for the savory direction and butter for the sweet direction.  

I also decide how I want to cut up the apples and onions.  Do I want chunks or thin slices?  Often I will chunk the apples and thinly slice the onions, so I get a contrast of shapes.

The final decision is the type of apple:  a tart cooking apple really contributes a tang to the final dish, which goes well with savory meats and sweet breakfast breads.  But an eating apple that stays firm when cooked adds more sweetness, and that can be lovely, too.

I made it for this blog with the idea it would be a side dish to a main course of baked chicken.  I had very tart cooking apples and brown (yellow) onions.  I used black pepper and cinnamon in equal measure and salt to support them.  And I used olive oil.

Apples and Onions

2 tart apples

1 small yellow onion

1/8 - 1/4 teaspoon black pepper

1/8 - 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon

1/8 teaspoon salt

1 tablespoon or less of olive oil

Peel and then thinly slice the onion.

Heat olive oil in a fry pan.

Add the onion and slowly saute it.

In the meantime, quarter and core the apple.  Cut into bite-sized chunks.

Add to the onions.  Mix well.

Saute apples and onions together, stirring occasionally.  If it looks dry, add a splash of water.  If you are in a hurry, put a lid on the pan to steam the apples, which cooks them quickly.

Stir in the spices (to taste).  Cook a little while longer to allow the spices to flavor the dish.

Taste and adjust spices as desired.  Serve hot.  (Also good reheated.)

My Notes

Well, most of my notes are written before the recipe.  When to add the apples?  When the onions are almost cooked to where you want them.  Do you want them transparent?  Browned?  Your choice!

How long to cook the whole thing?  Until the apples are tender.  Or further, if you want the spices to really infuse.

The spice range is to your taste.  I used the upper values for the pepper and cinnamon.

This quantity is good for 2 to 4 people.

Thinly sliced.

Chunks.  Leave the peel on!

Apples and onions cooking together.

With the spices just added.

Done!

The Verdict

This is always good.  I've been known to eat it as a meal in itself.  

My guest taster thought the spices were just right.  I thought that maybe they would be too strong for people not used to them.  Use your good judgement.

Success!

And cheers to the end of 2024.